Anglų gramatika

TENSES

INDEFINITE

Present Indefinite – veiksmas, priskiriamas esamajam laikui, bet paprastai

nevykstantis kalbos momentu.

|Teigiamoji forma|Neigiamoji forma |Klausiamoji forma |Pabrėžtinė |

| | | |teigiamoji forma |

|I ask |We ask |I do not |We do not |Do I |Do we |I do ask |We do |

|You ask|You ask|(don’t) ask |(don’t) ask |ask? |ask? |You do ask|ask |

|He |They |You do not |You do not |Do you |Do you |He (she) |You do |

|(she, |ask |(don’t) ask |(don’t) ask |ask? |ask? |does ask |ask |

|it) | |He (she, it) |They do not |Does he |Do they | |They do |

|asks | |does not |(don’t) ask |(she, |ask? | |ask |

| | |(doesn’t) ask | |it) ask?| | | |

Vartojamas:

Reikšti įprastiems, pasikartojantiems ar nuolat vykstantiems veiksmams

dabartyje (always, often, usually, regularly, daily, every day, never,

seldom, rarely, sometimes):

Nick always helps his comrades in their studies.

What time do you get up?

We seldom meet.

We have our dinner at 5 o’clock

reikšti bendriems teiginiams, nesiejant jų su laiku:

Rockets fly faster thab airplanes.

The earth goes round the sun in 24 hours.

Reikšti veiksmams arba savybėms, būdingiems veiksniui nuolat arba

dabartiniu laikotarpiu:

Tom speaks English well.

His sister Mary plays the piano and sings.

I’m a schoolgirl.

Where do you llive?

Jane’s mother works on a dairy farm.

My little brother already goes to school.

Reikšti veiksmams (arba būsenoms), vykstantiems kalbos momentu, jeigu jie

reiškiami veiksmažodžiais, kurie nevartojami eigos laikais (want, like,

belong, know, suppose, need, love, see, realise, mean, prefer, hate, hear,

believe, understand, remember, forget, seem, sound, appear, smell, taste,

wish, own, think (when the meaning is “believe”), have (when it is used for

actions or the meaning is “possess”):

What do you want?

I don’t quite understand you.

Reikšti būsimiems (numatomiems) veiksmams arba būsenoms šalutiniuose laiko

ir sąlygos aplinkybių sakiniuose po jungtukų if, unless, till, until, when,

as soon as, before (atitinkamuose lietuviškuose sakiniuose vartojamas

būsimasis laikas):

I’ll wait till you finish your breakfast.

What shall we do if it rains tomorrow?

Come and see me when yyou are passing my way.

Come next week unless you are very busy.

Let’s wait until the rain stops.

I’ll join you as soon as I can.

Pastaba.Šalutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose po jungtukų if, when vartojamas

Future Indefinite Tense:

Ask him ih he will go with us.

I don’t know when he will return.

Reikšti iš anksto numatytiems veiksmams, kurie įvyks artimiausioje ateityje

(daugiausia su veiksmažodžiais to leave, to start, to come, to return, to

come back, to go, to arrive):

We leave next Saturday.

The ttrain starts at 3.45 a. m

Past Indefinite – veiksmas (būsena), vykęs kuriuo nors laikotarpiu

praeityje ir nesusijęs su kalbos momentu.

|Teigiamoji forma|Neigiamoji forma |Klausiamoji forma |Pabrėžtinė |

| | | |teigiamoji forma |

|I asked|We |I did not |We didn’t ask |Did I |Did we |I did |We did |

|You |asked |(didn’t) ask |You didn’t ask|ask? |ask? |ask |ask |

|asked |You |You did not |They did not |Did you |Did you |You did |You did |

|He |asked |(didn’t) ask |(didn’t) ask |ask? |ask? |ask |ask |

|(she, |They |He (she, it) did| |Did he |Did they|He (she)|They did|

|it) |asked |not (didn’t) ask| |(she, |ask? |did ask |ask |

|asked | | | |it) ask?| | | |

Vartojamas:

Reikšti atskiriems faktams (veiksmams, būsenoms), įvykusiems praeityje ir

nesusijusiems su dabartimi (kartais patikslinama aplinkybiniais žodžiais

yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, last summer, the

other day, in 1945, five minutes ago, būtojo laiko rodikliu gali būti

klausiamieji įvardžiai how ir when):

I bought this book in London.

I knocked at the door, but no one answered.

How did you sleep? – I slept like a baby.

I’m sorry I was out when you called.

Where were you yesterday?

The great Russian poet Pushkin was bors in 1799.

When did you bbegin to study English?

How did it happen?

Reikšti kartotiniams arba įprastiems veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje ir

nesusijusiems su dabartimi:

Last summer I often played chess.

When he was ill we went to see him every other day.

Pastaba. Reikšti kartotiniams veiksmams, vykusiems praeityje, vartojama

taip pat konstrukcija used + infinityvas:

We used to see each other very often when I lived in Kaunas.

Taip pat reikšti įprastiniam arba tęstiniam veiksmui ar būsenai

praeityje (paprastai tolimoje):

I used to know her very well when she was still in her teens.

Reikšti veiksmams ar savybėms, kurios buvo būdingos veiksniui praeityje:

Jack played chess very well when he was a small boy.

Netiesioginės kalbos šalutiniuose papildinio sakiniuose, kai pagrindinio

sakinio veiksmažodis vartojamas Past Indefinite laiku:

He said he lived in Parko street.

Future Indefinite – vienkartiniai, kartotini ar pastovūs veiksmai

(būsenos), vyksiantys ateityje.

|Teigiamoji forma |Neigiamoji forma |Klausiamoji forma |

|I shall/will |We will |I shall/will not |We shall/will |Shall I |Shall we |

|(I’ll) ask |(we’ll) ask |(shan’t/won’t) ask |not |ask? |ask? |

|You will |You will |You will not (won’t) |(shan’t/won’t) |Will you |Will you |

|(you’ll) ask |(you’ll) ask |ask |ask |ask? |ask? |

|He (she, it) |They’ll ask |He (she, it) will not|You will not |Will he |Will they |

|will ask | |(won’t) ask |(won’t) aask |(she, it) |ask? |

| | | |They will not |ask? | |

| | | |(won’t) ask | | |

Vartojamas:

Vienkartiniai veiksmai, būsenos:

What will you do after the lessons?

Will you wait for me? I sahn’t be long.

I’ll do my best to help you.

So, you’ll ring me up at five, will you?

Pastovūs ir kartotiniai veiksmai (būsenos):

I’ll write to you every week.

Pastabos. 1. Klausiamojoje vienaskaitos 1-ojo asmens formoje veiksmažodis

shall paprastai turi modalinę reikšmę; klausiantysi teiraujasis, ko

pašnekovas nori:

Shall I go on reading?

Shall I translate the sentences into Lithuania?

2. Veiksmažodis will dažnai turi modalinį pažado,

ketinimo, mandagaus prašymo atspalvį:

If you’ll wait a moment, I’ll be back in a minute.

I won’t forget what you’ve done for me.

Šnekamojoje kalboje numatomiems būsimiems veiksmams reikšti vartojamos šios

konstrukcijos:

To be going + infinityvas reikšti ketinimui (kalbant apie asmenis)

arba galimybei (kalbant apie įvykius):

I’m going to write a letter to my mother.

The task is going to be more difficult than I expected.

To be sure (certain) + infinityvas reikšti įsitikinimui, kad būsimasis

veiksmas įvyks:

Ann is sure to be there.

It’s certain to rain.

Future Indefinite in the Past – veiksmas ar būsena, vykstantis,

tebesitęsiantis kalbos momentu arba esamuoju laikotarpiu.

|Teigiamoji

forma |Neigiamoji forma |Klausiamoji forma |

|I should/would |We would |I shouldn’t ask |We shouldn’t |Should/would I |Should we |

|ask |ask |You wouldn’t ask |ask |ask? |ask? |

|You would ask |You would |He (she, it) |You wouldn’t |Would you ask? |Would you |

|He (she, it) |ask |wouldn’t ask |ask |Would he (she, |ask? |

|would ask |They would | |They wouldn’t|it) ask? |Would they |

| |ask | |ask | |ask? |

Vartojamas:

Pasakojimuose apie praeities įvykius, kai netiesiogine kalba esti

atpasakojami kokio nors asmens žžodžiai arba mintys, susiję su ateitimi:

He told me he would never repeat the same mistake.

I was sure she’d be late as usual.

Continuous

Present continuous – veiksmas (būsena), vykstantis, tebesitęsiantis kalbos

momentu arba esamuoju laikotarpiu.

|Teigiamoji forma |Neigiamoji forma |Klausiamoji forma |

|I am (I’m) |We are (we’re) |I am not asking |We are not |Am I |Are we |

|asking |asking |You are not |asking |asking? |asking? |

|You are (you’re)|You are asking |(aren’t) asking |You aren’t |Are you |Are you |

|asking |They are |He (she, it) is |asking |asking? |asking? |

|He (she, it) is |(they’re) |not (isn’t) |They are not|Is he (she,|Are they |

|(he’s) asking |asking |asking |asking |it) asking?|asking? |

Vartojamas:

Reikšti veiksmui, vykstančiam kalbos momentu:

What are you doing now?

Don’t you ssee I’m writing a lettrer?

Reikšti veiksmui (būsenai), vykstančiam esamuoju laikotarpiu, bet nebūtinai

kalbos momentu:

Where are you staying now?

I hope you are enjoying your vacation?

I’m reading an intresting book.

They are building a lot of new buildings in our district.

Šnekamojoje kalboje atskiriems artimiausiai ateičiai numatytiems veiksmams

reikšti (ypač su veiksmažodžiais to come, to leave, to stay, to call ir

išsireiškimais to have guests, to give a party ir pan.):

When are you coming to see us?

She is giving a birthday party tomorrow.

We are going to the cinema this afternoon.

He’s calling on me tonight.

Nuolatiniam įpročiui arba polinkiui reikšti (su prieveiksmiais always,

constantly, all the time) ir reiškia nepritarimą, nekantrumą:

You’re always coming late!

He’s constantly getting into trouble.

Veiksmažodžio to go PPresent Continuous junginys su kito veiksmažodžio

infinityvu vartojamas reikšti ketinimui atlikti veiksmą artimiausioje

ateityje:

I’m going to present my old toys to my little brother.

Past Continuous

|Teigiamoji forma |Neigiamoji forma |Klausiamoji forma |

|I was asking|We were |I was not (wasn’t) |We were not |Was I asking?|Were we |

|You were |asking |asking |asking |Were you |asking? |

|asking |You were |You were not |You were not |asking? |Were you |

|He (she, it)|asking |(weren’t) asking |asking |...